Whether or not trayvons martin case was justifed correctly Essay

Regardless of whether trayvons martin case was justifed accurately - Essay Example The case may include issues on race (Jefferson, 9). Eighty seven percent of the African Americans state that there was no equity in the decision; among whites, just 33 percent bolster the African Americans’ claims. A slender larger part of about 51% of the whites support that the decision was blameless in the preliminary though African Americans emphatically oppose the cases. Just a little level of the African Americans support the cases by the whites. On the open perspectives, there is additionally a supporter hint. Among 30% of the republicans, object the decision while 70% of them support the decision. Rather than concentrating on the skin shading individuals should concentrate on hearts (Anthology 15). Concerning the criminal equity framework, an all out number of 86 percent among the African Americans guarantee that blacks among numerous minorities get inconsistent treatment in the law; just 41percent by the whites make such cases though the other 54% case that there is correspondence for the negligible gatherings. Under 40% of imprisoned individuals are ethnic and racial minorities (Birzer 27). Eighty-one percent of the African Americans guarantee that the central government ought to watch the social liberties rebellion and charge Zimmerman in a bureaucratic court. 50% of the whites contradict such charges, though 27percent of them consent to the charges demonstrating the nearness of White incomparability in real life (Yancy and Jones 9). 60% of the Hispanics guarantee that blacks among other peripheral gatherings neglect to get reasonable medicines like the whites do and a proportion of two to one dislikes the decision. Martin gauged ten pounds lighter, however six inches taller than the Hispanic who put Trayvon’s life to an end (Anthology 1). It was around evening time during the shooting and Martin was on his way home when he saw a vehicle behind him, which tailed him for quite a while. Martin fled to the patios walkways from the road walkways (Jefferson 5).

Psychology Notes

Notes Definition of brain research: Psychology: the study of conduct and mental procedures Science: way to deal with information dependent on precise perception Behavior: straightforwardly detectable and quantifiable human activities Mental procedures: private mental exercises that incorporate reasoning, seeing, and feeling Theories: speculative clarification of realities and relationship in sciences 4 objectives of brain research: 1 . Portray: the data accumulated through explicit research assists therapists with depicting mental wonders all the more precisely and totally. Foresee: clinicians can anticipate future conduct. 3. Get: conduct and mental procedures when we can clarify why they occur. 4. Impact: therapists would like to go stunning, comprehension, and expectation to Influence conduct in helpful manners. Thoughtfulness: the way toward searching internally at one's own cognizance Structuralism: the nineteenth century school of brain research that looked to decide the struct ure of the psyche through controlled introspection.Gestalt brain science: the way of thinking dependent on the conviction that human obviousness can't be separated into Its components Gestalt: a composed or brought together entire Phi wonder: the impression of evident development between two fixed boosts J. Henry Olsson: is the most popular for his investigations of the vibes of warmth and cold. He found that we feel cold when one sort of nerve finishing off with the skin is animated, and we feel warm feel exceptional warmth just when both the glow and cold receptors in the skin are invigorated at a similar time.Functionalism: the nineteenth century school of brain science that underlined the valuable elements of awareness Cognition: mental procedures of seeing, angling, talking, recalling, knowing, choosing, etc. Subjective procedures, for example, discernment, memory, and thinking Hermann Banishes: he remembered arrangements of data and estimated his memory for them after various interims of time.He imagined an altogether new arrangement of inane things for his examination called babble syllables, for example, KEBAB and MUG. Mary Whiten Calking: was an unmistakable educator and specialist who was an innovator in inquire about on memory. She built up a technique to consider memory that varied from Banishes. She likewise spearheaded the logical investigation of dreams. Alfred Bines (Psychometrics): the helpful elements of cognizant mental procedures in a totally different however extremely handy bearing. He built up an approach to quantify intelligence.Psychometrics: the point of view in brain research established by Bines that centers around the estimation of mental capacities Behaviorism: the school of brain science that underlines the way toward learning and the estimation of unmistakable conduct Social learning hypothesis: the perspective that the most significant parts of our conduct re gained from different people in society?family, companions, and cultu re Unconscious brain: all psychological action of which we are ignorant Motives: inward states or conditions that initiate conduct and provide it guidance Psychoanalysis: the procedure of helping people with passionate issues dependent on Sigmund Fraud's hypothesis of the oblivious psyche Humanistic brain science: the mental view that individuals have an intrinsic propensity to improve and decide their lives by the choices they make Neuroscience point of view: the perspective in brain research that centers around the anxious yester in clarifying conduct and mental procedures Coloratura viewpoint: the hypothesis of brain research that expresses that it is important to comprehend one's way of life, ethnic personality, and other coloratura components to completely comprehend an individual Culture: the examples of conduct, convictions, and qualities shared by a gathering of individuals predecessors Ethnic character: every individual's feeling of having a place with a specific ethnic gat hering Gender personality: one's perspective on oneself as male of female Cultural relativity: the point of view that advances considering various societies in encourage terms as opposed to Judgmental terms Coloratura factors throughout the entire existence of brain research: Laurel Promote and Elizabeth Scarborough, Leonard Crasser, and Ellen Kismet have helped change our perspective on the job of ladies throughout the entire existence of brain science by helping us to remember some key realities. In the beginning of brain research, it was amazingly troublesome of the most qualified ladies to acquire admission to graduate projects, when they get preparing; they were once in a while offered showing position at the male-overwhelmed establishments that they had the best prepared labs. Fundamental Areas of Modern Psychology: 1 .Biological brain research: study the manners by which the sensory system and different organs give the premise to conduct. 2. Sensation and discernment: how the sense organs work and how we decipher approaching tactile data during the time spent recognition 3. Learning and memory: the manners by which we learn and recall new data, new aptitudes, new propensities, and better approaches for identifying with others are concentrated in this critical thinking 4. Discernment: with keen activity: thinking, getting, arranging, envisioning, making, dreaming, talking, tuning in, and critical thinking 5. Formative brain science: with changes that occur in individuals during their life expectancy, as they develop from birth to mature age 6.Motivation and feeling: the requirements and states that initiate and guide practices, for example, hunger, thirst, sex, the need of accomplishment, the need to have associations with others. The idea of the emotions and temperaments that shading human experience is likewise a subject of this claim to fame 7. Character: centers around the pretty much reliable methods of carrying on that heartier our characters 8. So cial brain research: the impact of others on our conduct: the conduct of individuals in gatherings, hordes, or associations; relational fascination and close connections; and mentalities and preference toward others 9. Coloratura brain science: center around ethnic and social variables, sex character, sexual direction, and related issues. Applied Areas of Modern Psychology: 1 .Clinical brain science: attempt to comprehend and treat passionate issues and right strange conduct 2. Directing brain research: help individuals with individual or school looters and with profession decisions 3. Modern and authoritative brain research: centers around approaches to coordinate representatives to Jobs, to prepare and propel laborers, and to advance Job fulfillment and great connections among laborers 4. Instructive and school brain science: is worried about the manners in which youngsters learn in the study hall and spotlight on the manners by which pressures, clashes, hardships, and different v ariables add to unexpected frailty. To forestall medical issues, for example, coronary illness by instructing individuals to unwind, work out, control their eating regimens, and stop high hazard practices, for example, smoking. Brain research Notes Notes Definition of brain research: Psychology: the study of conduct and mental procedures Science: way to deal with information dependent on precise perception Behavior: straightforwardly noticeable and quantifiable human activities Mental procedures: private mental exercises that incorporate reasoning, seeing, and feeling Theories: conditional clarification of realities and relationship in sciences 4 objectives of brain research: 1 . Portray: the data assembled through explicit research assists therapists with depicting mental marvels all the more precisely and totally. Foresee: analysts can anticipate future conduct. 3. Get: conduct and mental procedures when we can clarify why they occur. 4. Impact: therapists would like to go amazing, comprehension, and expectation to Influence conduct in gainful manners. Thoughtfulness: the way toward searching internally at one's own awareness Structuralism: the nineteenth century school of brain science that tried to decide the structure of t he brain through controlled introspection.Gestalt brain research: the way of thinking dependent on the conviction that human obviousness can't be separated into Its components Gestalt: a sorted out or brought together entire Phi wonder: the view of clear development between two fixed improvements J. Henry Olsson: is the most popular for his investigations of the vibes of warmth and cold. He found that we feel cold when one sort of nerve finishing off with the skin is animated, and we feel warm feel extreme warmth just when both the glow and cold receptors in the skin are invigorated at a similar time.Functionalism: the nineteenth century school of brain science that stressed the valuable elements of cognizance Cognition: mental procedures of seeing, angling, talking, recollecting, knowing, choosing, etc. Intellectual procedures, for example, observation, memory, and thinking Hermann Banishes: he remembered arrangements of data and estimated his memory for them after various interims of time.He created a completely new arrangement of good for nothing things for his examination called garbage syllables, for example, KEBAB and MUG. Mary Whiten Calking: was a conspicuous educator and specialist who was a pioneer in explore on memory. She built up a strategy to consider memory that contrasted from Banishes. She additionally spearheaded the logical investigation of dreams. Alfred Bines (Psychometrics): the helpful elements of cognizant mental procedures in a totally different however exceptionally useful heading. He built up an approach to gauge intelligence.Psychometrics: the point of view in brain science established by Bines that centers around the estimation of mental capacities Behaviorism: the school of brain research that underlines the way toward learning and the estimation of plain conduct Social learning hypothesis: the perspective that the most significant parts of our conduct re gained from different people in society?family, companions, and culture Unco nscious brain: all psychological movement of which we are uninformed Motives: inner states or conditions that initiate conduct and provide it guidance Psychoanalysis: the strategy of helping people with passionate issues dependent on Sigmund Fraud's hypothesis of the oblivious psyche Humanistic brain science: the mental view that individuals have an

The Best TOEFL Books of 2019

The Best TOEFL Books of 2019 It has been a long time since I wrote about the best TOEFL textbooks on the market. Thats because I generally dislike most of what is available. Generally speaking, TOEFL textbooks are inaccurate and unhelpful. However, this used to be the most popular section of my blog, so I guess it is about time to write something about the topic. Here goes.Update from 2020: Ive published a new list. Ignore this one and check out the new one instead!For an Introduction to the TOEFLThe Official Guide to the TOEFLThe best general overview of the TOEFL is still The Official Guide to the TOEFL Test. This book comes from ETS, who creates the TOEFL week after week. This basic textbook provides the most accurate description of the questions you will get on the test. It also comes with four practice tests that can be accessed via DVD. However, it must be said that the book is sometimes inaccurate, especially when it comes to the writing section of the test. If you buy this book, make sure to read my arti cle about all of the mistakes it contains.The link above is to the 5th edition. You can save money by getting the 4th edition, but I dont recommend it. It contains one less test, uses only a CD-ROM and the descriptions of questions are slightly out of date.Books For Practice TOEFL TestsThe Official Test CollectionThe best source of practice tests is The Official iBT Tests Collection Volume 2. This book contains five actual TOEFL tests from the past, delivered on DVD. These are the most accurate practice tests you will find anywhere, though they are pretty old. You can save money by getting the CD-ROM version, which contains the same tests.The second best source of practice tests is The Official iBT Tests Collection Volume 1. Same as above, but these are even older.TST PrepIf you are looking for a third-party source of practice tests, check out TST Preps collection of 10 practice tests. This is the only third-party I ever recommend to students when it comes to practice tests. You mig ht get a 10% discount if you use the coupon code goodine10off.Books For The TOEFL Writing SectionTOEFL ResourcesThere is not a single good book about the writing section. Instead of using a book I recommend just reading my free resources.TST PrepI also recommend the writing course offered by TST Prep. It uses a series of video lectures to go into more detail than my own stuff provides. Again, save money by using the coupon code goodine10off.Books for the TOEFL Reading SectionHouse of TOEFLFor the reading section, I recommend Kathy Spratts Mastering the Reading Section for the TOEFL iBT. The second edition of this ebook was published in 2019. It will walk you through how to solve each possible question type and explain the traps that ETS commonly uses when designed incorrect answers. It contains plenty of original practice readings and questions. Make sure you dont get the first edition, which still shows up via some Amazon searches.Books for Grammar PracticeEnglish Grammar in UseFor grammar practice, I always recommend Raymond Murphys English Grammar in Use. It contains clear explanations of grammar points and plenty of practice exercises. If you are working with a teacher, they should be able to quickly tell you what chapters you, specifically, need to focus on. It was updated to a 5th edition in late 2018, but you can save money by getting the 4th edition, which is just as good.When students need more practice exercises, I usually recommend the supplementary activities textbook that accompanies the main volume (again, the old edition is cheaper).Practical English UsageIf you are a new TOEFL teacher, I strongly recommend picking up a copy of Michael Swans Practical English Usage. This weighty volume will help you answer all of those difficult questions about why you corrected your students work in such a way. It really help you get out of the habit of saying it just sounds more natural in response to student questions. If you are a student dont get this book for TOEFL prep. It might just be overkill.Books for TOEFL Vocabulary1800 TOEFL Essential VocabularyHonestly, I generally dont recommend vocabulary books. Basically, I feel that in the short and medium term learning words might be a waste of your time. You might spend hours and hours studying a book of words, but only encounter one or two of them on the test. Vocabulary acquisition takes a really long time, and you pretty much have to depend on what you already know when you take the test. That said, if you want a bunch of words, I recommend Darakwons 1800 TOEFL Essential Vocabulary. And hey the ebook version only costs two dollars, so it cant hurt to try.TOEFL Pocket VocabularyKaplan seems to publish a new bite-sized vocabulary book every few years. The current version appears to be TOEFL Pocket Vocabulary. I havent seen this edition, but it is probably just as good as the older ones. It has more words, at least.

The Best TOEFL Books of 2019

The Best TOEFL Books of 2019 It has been a long time since I wrote about the best TOEFL textbooks on the market. Thats because I generally dislike most of what is available. Generally speaking, TOEFL textbooks are inaccurate and unhelpful. However, this used to be the most popular section of my blog, so I guess it is about time to write something about the topic. Here goes.Update from 2020: Ive published a new list. Ignore this one and check out the new one instead!For an Introduction to the TOEFLThe Official Guide to the TOEFLThe best general overview of the TOEFL is still The Official Guide to the TOEFL Test. This book comes from ETS, who creates the TOEFL week after week. This basic textbook provides the most accurate description of the questions you will get on the test. It also comes with four practice tests that can be accessed via DVD. However, it must be said that the book is sometimes inaccurate, especially when it comes to the writing section of the test. If you buy this book, make sure to read my arti cle about all of the mistakes it contains.The link above is to the 5th edition. You can save money by getting the 4th edition, but I dont recommend it. It contains one less test, uses only a CD-ROM and the descriptions of questions are slightly out of date.Books For Practice TOEFL TestsThe Official Test CollectionThe best source of practice tests is The Official iBT Tests Collection Volume 2. This book contains five actual TOEFL tests from the past, delivered on DVD. These are the most accurate practice tests you will find anywhere, though they are pretty old. You can save money by getting the CD-ROM version, which contains the same tests.The second best source of practice tests is The Official iBT Tests Collection Volume 1. Same as above, but these are even older.TST PrepIf you are looking for a third-party source of practice tests, check out TST Preps collection of 10 practice tests. This is the only third-party I ever recommend to students when it comes to practice tests. You mig ht get a 10% discount if you use the coupon code goodine10off.Books For The TOEFL Writing SectionTOEFL ResourcesThere is not a single good book about the writing section. Instead of using a book I recommend just reading my free resources.TST PrepI also recommend the writing course offered by TST Prep. It uses a series of video lectures to go into more detail than my own stuff provides. Again, save money by using the coupon code goodine10off.Books for the TOEFL Reading SectionHouse of TOEFLFor the reading section, I recommend Kathy Spratts Mastering the Reading Section for the TOEFL iBT. The second edition of this ebook was published in 2019. It will walk you through how to solve each possible question type and explain the traps that ETS commonly uses when designed incorrect answers. It contains plenty of original practice readings and questions. Make sure you dont get the first edition, which still shows up via some Amazon searches.Books for Grammar PracticeEnglish Grammar in UseFor grammar practice, I always recommend Raymond Murphys English Grammar in Use. It contains clear explanations of grammar points and plenty of practice exercises. If you are working with a teacher, they should be able to quickly tell you what chapters you, specifically, need to focus on. It was updated to a 5th edition in late 2018, but you can save money by getting the 4th edition, which is just as good.When students need more practice exercises, I usually recommend the supplementary activities textbook that accompanies the main volume (again, the old edition is cheaper).Practical English UsageIf you are a new TOEFL teacher, I strongly recommend picking up a copy of Michael Swans Practical English Usage. This weighty volume will help you answer all of those difficult questions about why you corrected your students work in such a way. It really help you get out of the habit of saying it just sounds more natural in response to student questions. If you are a student dont get this book for TOEFL prep. It might just be overkill.Books for TOEFL Vocabulary1800 TOEFL Essential VocabularyHonestly, I generally dont recommend vocabulary books. Basically, I feel that in the short and medium term learning words might be a waste of your time. You might spend hours and hours studying a book of words, but only encounter one or two of them on the test. Vocabulary acquisition takes a really long time, and you pretty much have to depend on what you already know when you take the test. That said, if you want a bunch of words, I recommend Darakwons 1800 TOEFL Essential Vocabulary. And hey the ebook version only costs two dollars, so it cant hurt to try.TOEFL Pocket VocabularyKaplan seems to publish a new bite-sized vocabulary book every few years. The current version appears to be TOEFL Pocket Vocabulary. I havent seen this edition, but it is probably just as good as the older ones. It has more words, at least.

Fascinating Tufted Titmouse Facts

The tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) is a small, gray-plumed songbird, easily recognized for the crest of gray feathers atop its head, its big black eyes, black forehead, and its rust-colored flanks. They are quite common throughout the eastern part of North America, so if youre in that geographical region and want to catch a glimpse of a tufted titmouse, it may not be that difficult to find. Fast Facts: Tufted Titmouse Scientific Name: Baeolophus bicolorCommon Names: Tufted titmouseBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: 5.9–6.7 inchesWeight: 0.6–0.9 ounce  Lifespan: 2.1–13 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Southeastern, eastern, and midwestern United States, southern Ontario (Canada)Population: Hundreds of thousands or millionsConservation Status:  Least Concern Description Male and female titmice have similar plumage, which makes identification a little bit easier, and titmice can be tempted to backyard bird feeders, so you may not have to go far at all to see one. Tufted titmice exhibit some distinct physical characteristics that make them easy to identify; these traits are easily spotted under most conditions and are not shared by too many other species within their range. The key physical characteristics to watch for when trying to identify a tufted titmouse include: Gray crestBlack forehead and billLarge, black eyesRusty-orange flanks The characteristics listed above are most useful in confirming that the bird youre looking at is a tufted titmouse. But you can also look for other field marks characteristic of the species, which include: Overall gray color, with darker gray upperparts and lighter gray on breast and bellyLight gray legs and feetMedium-length, gray tail (about one third its entire length, head to tail) Habitat and Distribution Populations of tufted titmice stretch from the East Coast of the United States westward to the Plains of central Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas, and Iowa. The highest population densities of tufted titmice occur along the Ohio, Cumberland, Arkansas, and Mississippi rivers. Within their range, there are certain habitats that tufted titmice prefer—they are most common in deciduous and mixed-deciduous forests, especially those with a dense canopy or tall vegetation. Tufted titmice also occur to a lesser extent in suburban areas, orchards, and wetlands and can be spotted at backyard bird feeders on occasion, during the fall and winter months. Diet and Behavior Tufted titmice feed on insects and seeds. They forage on trees and can be seen on trunks and limbs looking for insects in the crevices of the bark. They also forage on the ground. Throughout the year, their preferred foraging locations can change. In summer months they spend more time foraging in the canopy of a tall tree, while in winter they can be spotted on trunks and in shorter trees more often. When cracking open nuts and seeds, tufted titmice hold the seed in their feet and hammer them with their bill. tufted titmice feed on a variety of invertebrates including caterpillars, beetles, ants, wasps, bees, treehoppers, spiders and snails. When feeding at backyard bird feeders, tufted titmice have a fondness for sunflower seeds, nuts, suet, and mealworms. Tufted titmice move along branches and over the ground by jumping and hopping. When flying, their flight path is direct and not undulating. The song of the tufted titmouse is usually a clear, two-syllable whistle: peter peter peter peter. Their call is nasal and consists of a series of sharp notes: ti ti ti sii sii zhree zhree zhree. Reproduction and Offspring Tufted titmice breed between March and May. The female generally lays between five and eight brown-speckled eggs in nests that are 3 to 90 feet high. They line their nests with soft materials such as wool, moss, cotton, leaves, bark, fur, or grass. The female incubates the eggs for 13 to 17 days. Tufted titmice typically have one or two broods each season. The young of the first brood usually help care for the nestlings of the second brood. Most of the hatchlings die shortly after birth, but if they survive, they can live for more than two years. The oldest tufted titmouse on record lived to be 13 years old. The tufted titmouse is fully mature and ready for reproduction by age 1. vandervelden  / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the tufted titmouses conservation status as least concern.  Researchers place the number of tufted titmice in the hundreds of thousands or millions. Their numbers have increased slightly in the past few decades, about 1 percent, and they have moved northward, from the southeastern U.S. to the New England region and Ontario, Canada. Since they are among the larger species of birds, competition is not thought to be a factor, but they may be moving northward to areas where there are more dense populations of trees due to climate change. Sources Tufted Titmouse.†Ã‚  Animal Spot.â€Å"Tufted Titmouse.†Ã‚  Tufted Titmouse - Introduction | Birds of North America Online.Watt DJ. 1972. Comparison of the foraging behaviors of the Carolina Chickadee and Tufted Titmouse in northwestern Arkansas. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. Arkansas, Fayetteville.

Global Political Economy International Business School

Country Economic Analysis Canada Research Paper Submitted to: Professor Mohtadi In partial fulfillment of the MBA course Global Political Economy Hult International Business School Submitted by: Sourav Adhikari - Francesco Campione - Itzeen Pla - Shalini Raina - Juan Diego Rojas - Jesus Verde August 4, 2015 Boston, Massachusetts Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Macroeconomic trends. 4 Canada’s exchange rate and trade policies 4 Exchange Rate 5 Trade Policies 6 Canada’s monetary and fiscal policies 8 Monetary Policy 8 Fiscal Policy 8 Canada’s strengths. 9 Canada’s Weaknesses 11 Canada’s opportunities for growth. 11 Canada’s Threats 12 Exhibits 14 Executive Summary For the last 10 years, the Canada’s real GDP is increasing. This is not the only sign of a growing economy; the unemployment rate is decreasing as well. Foreign trade heavily sustains the Canadian economy; it accounts for 45% of the GDP. Canada is an open trade country, and thus its currency – the Canadian dollar – is a floating currency. After 1998, Canada also changed its intervention policy deciding for a discretionary intervention in only exceptional circumstances. The objective of Central Bank of Canada is to preserve the value of the currency by keeping down and stable the inflation rate. Canada has multiple strengths. Its main strengths lie in natural resources, diversified economy, high quality public education and political stability. Canada has also the most highly educatedShow MoreRelatedI Am The Owner Of My Company1061 Words   |  5 PagesI am the owner of my company - Hjerta Advisors, a corporate strategist firm specialized in government relations and financial services by providing back channel services to business leaders and government officials on current China economic affairs. If you are curious, Hjerta means heart in Swedish. 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Literature Review on African American Substance Abuse

Literature Review Literature Review Literature presented in this review reflects research conducted during the past five years, 2007 - 2011, and addresses the phenomena of adolescent substance abuse in the African American demographic. Additionally, this literature review will address documented causes of adolescent substance abuse as presented by psychologists, psychiatrists, educators, government officials, urban-policy researchers, addiction counselors and human service professionals. Opposing views will be presented by various experts on the subject of substance abuse among the African American adolescent population. This review will further address current theories, studies and perceptions of the magnitude of the impact of substance†¦show more content†¦The notion that drug dependence could be considered a â€Å"self-acquired disease†, based on individual free choice leading to the first experimentation with illicit drugs, has contributed to stigma and discrimination associated with drug dependence. However, scientific evidence indicates that the development of the disease is a result of a complex multi-factorial interaction between repeated exposure to drugs, and biological and environmental factors. Attempts to treat and prevent drug use through tough penal sanctions for drug users fail because they do not take into account the neurological changes drug dependence has on motivation pathways in the brain (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2008). As managed care set down private roots, federal and state policy makers took aim at the limited penetration of a stratagem that had been conceived in hopes of slowing the growth of costs in Medicare (and Medicaid). Until the late 1980s, states largely deferred to critics who warned that disadvantaged populations suffering from poverty, social dislocation, limited literacy, and multiple health problems (sometimes including mental illness and substance abuse) should not be â€Å"locked into† HMOs that lacked experience treating these complex case loads, abridged their freedom of choice, and might prosper financially by underserving them (Brown amp; Jacobs, 2008, p. 63). 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E-Business Harrys.com

Question: Discuss about the Report for E-Business of Harrys.com. Answer: Company Overview Since the medieval royalty to the soldiers of World War II, men shaved their faces using a single blade. Safety razors are associated with providing the smoothest shave; nonetheless, business corporations continue to sell razors with more than one blade. There are various renowned companies that trade in safety razors and multi-blades, including dollar shave, Gillette, and Harrys. Harrys.com is a business to consumer (B2C) business website that majors in trading personalized high-quality blades, cream for shaving, as well as affordable blades for replacement. Harrys online business site was founded by Jeff Raider and Andy Katz in April 2013; however, Harrys launched its first physical brick and motor shaving shop in October of the same year in New York City, USA (Polo et al., 2015). With the strong urge to grow its business, the company purchased a Germany razor manufacturing factory worth $100 million (Delrey, 2014). Harrys.com is a web-based start-up that is developed on the princi ples of offering consumers simple, superior, and affordable shaving solutions. The company sells its products online through online subscriptions. Harrys is a fully established brand now that is continually winning customers from across the US. The key competitors of the company are Gillette, Schick, Bic, and Dollar Shave Club. Harrys.com controls approximately 5% of the market share (Bartels, 2000). Ease of using Harrys.com business site As aforementioned, Harrys.com is a business to consumer retailing website that majors in men shaving products. The business site is simple to use; customers are only required to subscribe to the companys offerings, and the shaving supplies are directly mailed to the customers mailbox at low price and at specified frequency (Spence, 2014). Despite its newness in the marketplace, the business model of the company has enabled Harrys.com to reach more than two million customers in just over two years in business. New customers continue to subscribe to Harrys.com while the company maintains approximately 60% retention rate of all subscribed customers. To achieve maximum revenues, the company manufactures all its products and owns all the distribution means. E-business application used Business applications are defined as computer-based information systems essential for providing automated support to the companys operations. E-business application on the other hand, is an information and communication technology application that supports all business activities of a given internet business (IOANNIS, 2015). For instance, commerce comprises of trading goods and service among businesses, individuals and groups is regarded as a crucial part of any trading organization. Internet commerce is especially centered on ICT to create external business activities and relations of the company with groups, other companies, and individuals. Electronic-business application is a wide entity that deals with the whole business system which comprises of companies that use internet medium to execute its business services or assist its specialized or overall business operations. E-business application also covers e-commerce and e-marketing (Feloni, 2015). E-commerce mainly describes the transactional context of the business. E-marketing involves providing an electronic medium through which a company can accomplish its marketing objectives. Harrys use their website to attract new potential customers through e-advertising and e-marketing and enhancing the efficiency of their services through e-support and e-service functions, and widening its reach and extent through the web by uploading their services and products on the web. The company uses a web business application to increase sales, reduce marketing costs, increase customer accessibility as well as communicate directly to consumers. Harrys.com use online subscriptions (Business to Consumer (B2C)); after a customer subscribes to the company site, the products are then mailed directly to the customers mailbox (Barclay, 2014). E-commerce marketing strategies For Harrys, internet marketing strategies are an indispensable part of the companys business plan. Given the urge to be on a leading spot as a provider of consumer shaving products, Harrys have made their retail website easy to access in order to reach a wider customer base. Furthermore, the 21st century is made up of up to 63% population that has knowledge and can successfully make digital purchases and thus Harrys, a web based company has directed its marketing efforts to the internet to attract as well as maintain customers (University Alliance, 2016). E-marketing strategies include: Mobile marketing Social media Email Content, and Video marketing (University Alliance, 2016) Harrys e-marketing comprises of all the above online marketing strategies. The growth of smartphone use has empowered a massive population to access the internet through their mobile devices. The company has thus optimized its website making it mobile friendly to allow the wider population to access company cont and products using the mobile phones (University Alliance, 2016). Accordingly, social media is another massive marketing platform that Harrys use to promote its products as well as attract new customers. In the same breadth, the company encourages its customers to use their social networks to refer new customers to the company. In addition, email marketing is at the core of the companys marketing activities; it is through email subscriptions that Harrys manages to communicate frequently with their customers together with mailing products to their customers (University Alliance, 2016). Content marketing is another key online marketing strategy that Harrys use to market and pro mote its products. Internet publicity about the companys services has done magic to building trust, credibility, authority and creating inbound links with its audience (University Alliance, 2016). E-commerce Supply Chain Strategy According to Kepes (2014), the biggest challenge for e-commerce businesses is inventory management; having enough inventories to run the business without failing your customers is always the key to success. E-retailers are thriving at exponential rates as compared to conventional retailing models due to their supply chain management strategies. From abovementioned, Harrys use a direct to consumer business model, in this regard; the company manufactures all its products and sells them direct to final consumers (Trusson et al., 2014). The company does not deal with intermediaries or use drop shipping or wholesale suppliers. After purchasing nearly a century old shaving blade manufacturing company in Germany, Harrys manufactures its own supreme quality blades and high-end handles which are then shipped directly to the customer on order. E-commerce security strategies Online businesses are prone to massive online security challenges. In response to this, online companies work to provide security at all levels of the organization to keep their business from harm. In accordance with this, e-commerce us a 5 point website security strategy to keep out intruders: Backup Redundancy: storing company information in another secure location whereby when something happens to your information in the primary storage, the same information can be retrieved from the backup storage. Harrys use cloud based backup storage to secure its critical information from malicious online actors (Johns, 2016). PCI Compliance: security standard council that ensures best practices for payment account security. Harrys is fully compliant to PCI by following the tokenization method. Encryption: online companies must encrypt their data in order to ensure that only authorized individuals can access. Harrys use data encryption protocol to ensure its website is secure. DDoS protection: Harrys has protected its e-commerce business against Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks using different tools, including 800lb free tool and CloudFlare (Johns, 2016). Firewalls: firewalls are used for allowing or disallowing traffic based on what the company has authorized. Harrys use firewalls to block unauthorized traffic as well as malicious internet traffic from accessing the companys network system (Johns, 2016). IT architecture IT infrastructure is a set of combined hardware, software, networks, and facilities in order to develop, test, deliver, monitor, control or support IT services. IT infrastructure is needed for the existence, operation as well as management of an e-business. For instance, it allows organisations deliver IT solutions and services customers, employees as well as partners. Harrys use public WANs and public cloud to transport mechanisms along with software as a service. The IT infrastructure provides a suitable platform necessary for IT applications and functions for Harrys. Conclusion and Recommendations E-business (electronic business) provides a platform for conducting businesses processes through its business website. Internet business procedures is composed of trading products, services, and supplies; processing payments, customer servicing, production control managing, work together with business partners, and information sharing. This report using harrys.com has exhaustively discussed different aspects of e-business including company operations, the ease of using the companys site, the e-business application used by the company and e-marketing strategies. Consequently, the report also has evaluated e-commerce supply chain strategies, e-commerce security strategies and IT architecture. The following are the recommendations for Harrys Company: Integrate online marketing strategies with social media marketing strategies in order widen its customer base while increasing its profitability. Venture into new product lines like boutique rather than relying on shaving products alone Improve its IT architecture. Bibliography Barclay, D.A., 2014. Serving online customers: lessons for libraries from the business world. Rowman Littlefield. Bartels, A. 2000. The difference between e-business and e-commerce. Available Online at: https://www.computerworld.com/article/2588708/e-commerce/e-commerce-the-difference-between-e-business-and-e-commerce.html Delrey, J. 2014. Razor Startup Harry's Raises $75 Million, Pushing It Over $200 Million. Say What? Available Online at: https://www.recode.net/2014/12/3/11633506/razor-startup-harrys-raises-75-million-pushing-it-over-200-million Feloni, R. 2015. The CEOs of shaving startup Harrys explain how they acquired a million customers in 2 years. Available Online at: https://uk.businessinsider.com/harrys-ceos-explain-how-they-acquired-a-million-customers-in-2-years-2015-12 Fox, A.R. and Wilson, E.G., 2015. Networking and the development of professionals: Beginning teachers building social capital. Teaching and Teacher Education, 47, pp.93-107. (Fox Wilson, 2015) IOANNIS, S., 2015. Design, analysis and presentation of Intrusion Detection Systems (Doctoral dissertation, TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CRETE). Johns, J. 2016. 5 Pillars of Website Security for E-commerce Retailers. Available at: https://dropsuite.com/5-pillars-website-security-e-commerce-retailers/ Kepes, B. 2014. Harrys: Disrupting Shaving and Making E-Commerce Impossible. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/benkepes/2014/02/05/harrys-disrupting-shaving-and-making-e-commerce-impossible/#5be7399238bd Polo Pena, A.I., Frias Jamilena, D.M. and Castaneda Garcia, J.A., 2015. Market orientation and business results among smallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ scale service firms. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administracin, 28(1), pp.135-166. Spence, R. 2014. Why having retailer Harrys is not your average online startup. Available Online at: https://business.financialpost.com/entrepreneur/fp-startups/why-shaving-retailer-harrys-is-not-your-average-online-startup?__lsa=e9d1-1c04 Trusson, C.R., Doherty, N.F. and Hislop, D., 2014. Knowledge sharing using IT service management tools: conflicting discourses and incompatible practices. Information Systems Journal, 24(4), pp.347-371. University Alliance, 2016. Internet Marketing Strategies. Available Online at: https://www.usanfranonline.com/resources/internet-marketing/internet-marketing-strategies/#

APUSH Research Paper Essay Example

APUSH Research Paper Paper The late 1800s and early 1900s, during the era of post Emancipation, the United States was a period of identity exploration, enlightenment, and empowerment, as well as interdivision, discrimination, and adaptation for the African American peoples. Social revolutionists like Marcus Garvey and role modeled entrepreneurs like Madam CJ Walker were among the many blacks that influenced the national black community during their time of struggle and search for societal and economical direction. Walker and Garvey both strived for the advancement of their people, but had different long term effects on blacks and plans for the future. Walkers use of Eurocentric ideals to beautify Black features socially and economically carried her higher than any woman, let alone black woman, in the business world. Her use of advertisements created a standard of black beauty in America that would gain acceptance. Garveys efforts to create a movement glorifying Afrocentric culture and lifestyle resulted in criticism from his own people and federal attention. These historical fgures in the African American community were a part of a long lasting conflict of identity within the black race and the continuation of developing a black American culture completely different than African culture, creating a disparity between what it means to be African and African American. Madam CJ Walker, born Sarah Breedlove, was the first one of her family born into freedom in 1867 in Delta, Louisiana. With the time periods lack of indoor plumbing, central heating, and electricity, most Americans bathed infrequently, causing people like Walker to experience hair loss and scalp disease. We will write a custom essay sample on APUSH Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on APUSH Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on APUSH Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Walker experimented with home remedies to find a cure. Soon, she developed her own line of hair care and moved throughout the ountry to major industrial cities like Pittsburgh and Indianapolis to spread its use. In Pittsburgh, Walker established Lelia College in 1908 to educated hair culturists and expand her empire. It was in Indianapolis that she opened her headquarters and factory. With her success, Walker believed in empowering the black community by providing a place where they can develop skills to become successful entrepreneurs. Her institutions taught and trained black women to build and manage themselves in the business world. She also gave lectures on social, economic, and political issues sponsored by black institutions. As time went on and blacks dispersed throughout American society, racial violence and discrimination in the South became the social norm. Jim Crow Laws enacted in 1876 during the annexation of Reconstruction legally separated blacks from whites and created the hatred of the black race. After the East St. Louis Race Riot, Madam CJ Walker united with the leaders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in their efforts to bring lynching as a federal crime. Through her efforts to support black advancement, Walker donated large amounts of her earnings to rganizations like the NAACP, black schools, orphanages, and retirement homes and was acknowledged in 1918 at the biennial convention of the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) for making the largest contribution to save the Anacostia a $250,000 estate in New York which was built by the first licensed black architect in New York State, Vertner Tandy. Never before had a black woman from the south born of slave parents climb the social and economic ladder to success and become the wealthiest African-American woman in America and known to be the first self-made female American millionaire. Between the 1890s and early 1900s, blacks struggled with white acceptance, and often went to extreme measures to make themselves appear to have enough white blood in them to fend themselves from the worst types of discrimination. Slavery deprived Africans of the natural oils and herbs they used to maintain healthy hair, thus forming the definition of the word nappy as foaming to describe the kinky matted texture of the slaves hair which has become a way to further stigmatize Black hair. The nations social, political, and economic system had been determined by racial appearance and standards. Madam CJ Walkers hair care product advertisements often depicted European features on a black woman, insinuating that the more white you are, the more beautiful, socially accepted, and capable of achieving a better life you are. On one label, Walker herself is depicted with long, straight hair and light skin. This label sends the message to her customers that they too can achieve this luscious, Eurocentric hair when they use this product, ensuring a more appealing and Americanized view of black beauty. Another ad for Madam CJ Walkers miracle products shows a woman with White features, ossibly portraying that Walkers products could work on any type of hair, or advertising a look that everyone should achieve to maintain their society-approved womanhood. Despite Walkers astounding accomplishments as a post- Emancipation black woman, her inventions and goals toward helping blacks achieve success contributed to the appreciation of Eurocentric culture, ideal of self-hatred within the black communities, and growth of the belief that African features were not beautiful. These adaptations to American societal standards were a means of survival for Walker and ther blacks who used Eurocentric ways to create a culturally accepted life for themselves. These ways of living and gaining recognition in the white communities created a divide between blacks who glorified and strived to uphold Afrocentric traditions like Marcus Garvey. Jamaican political leader, Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr. was born in 1887 and became many things including a resolute proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements. He founded many pro-black Communities League, the Black Star Line, part of the Back-to-Africa movement, which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands. His ability to actualize a mass movement and economic empowerment for Africa created the ideal of Garveyism. Influenced by Booker T. Washington, Garvey became intelligent as a child from reading books from his fathers extensive library. He attended Birkbeck College in London, taking Eurocentric education to use to his advantage in applying his knowledge to leading a nation of mentally and economically broken people. The early 1900s in the northern states of America was a period of Black advancement and pride. During the Harlem Renaissance era, when blacks developed a culture of rts, literature, politics, and a new social identity, Garvey began publishing his widely spread newspaper, Negro World, in August of 1918. As the editor, he used the paper as a means to spread black nationalism through an everyday primary source to those of African ancestry at home and abroad. Garveys Negro Magazine gave blacks a literary social life (inspiration) that was never attainable as slaves. The magazine was strong with words of motivation and pride that encouraged blacks to keep fighting and be proud of their ancestry. This decision of following Eurocentric or following Afrocentric ideals and culture divided blacks along intellectual lines. Ga o. ey was criticized by his own race for wanting to empower blacks and bring them back to their homeland, where they can populate and live without the poverty, violence, and racism in America. In an excerpt from the article Africa for Africans from Garveys paper, Negro World, he speaks on those who are opposed of his efforts to continue the Pan-African Movement. One editor and leader went so far as to say at his Pan- African Congress that American Negroes could not live in Africa, because the climate was too hot. All kinds of arguments have been adduced by these Negro intellectuals against the colonization of Africa by the black race. Some said that the black man would ultimately work out his existence alongside of the white man in countries founded and established by the latter (Garvey). Garveys written ideas of people going back to their original continents to restructure cultural peace are expressed in this excerpt from Negro World. He writes about his feelings towards the Negro intellectuals, he calls them, who are in denial and opposed to his ideas of an Afrocentric empowerment movement. The criticisms and oppositions from educated blacks in seeing themselves inherently different from Africans follows the issue of the growing distance between Africans and African Americans. It also presents the fear that white supremacists will have yet another reason for racial violence towards blacks, as expressed in a letter sent to Harry M. Daugherty, United States Attorney General. African American leaders opposed to Garveys plans to spread among Negroes distrust and hatred of all white people, write this source entitled, Garvey Must Go, in hopes to enforce Federal involvement to capture Garvey. This letter tries to make clear that not all blacks follow Garvey, to make known that these specific blacks in New York writing the letter are good and obedient civilians. This document describes Garvey as a foreign violent menace to all Americans and seems to want security from the whites in power so they dont begin to think that all blacks in America are preparing to rebel. And so the interdivision amongst blacks intellectually and economically, resulted in Garveys long-term goals positive way to advance Negro Americans in society, however, inspired religions, such s the Nation of Islam and Rastafari movement, and inspired more Afrocentric pride in the years of the Harlem Renaissance and further development of Americas black culture. The combination of Eurocentric and Afrocentric cultures began to create the African American culture. Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller was a celebrated black female artist and the daughter of a barber and hairdresser/wig maker in 1877. In Philadelphia, she was encouraged to use her creative mind to sculpt. As she became older and influenced by Eurocentric culture, she was able to get a decent education nd study art under sculptors in France. Upon arriving back to Philadelphia in the early 1900s-20s, she realized her art style became subdued. She began engaging in the African American experience by creating pieces rooted in black culture during the Harlem Renaissance. Her sculpture Ethiopia Awakening displayed a woman in African garments symbolized her appreciation for her African heritage and symbolized what was happening to the black community as a whole during the Renaissance and spread of Garveyism. Female artist Augusta Savage was also nfluenced by African American leaders like Garvey and W. E. B. DuBois, this black woman artist was inspirational during the period of black excellence in music, art, literature, and ideals†the Harlem Renaissance. Savage not only sculpted pieces that projected black culture, history, and united pride, but busts of both Garvey and DuBois, symbolizing their leadership as admirable and responsible for the flourishing of the Afrocentric black community in the 1920s. This racial consciousness and gratification for the black race benefitted in American society as well. This infant of African American culture embodied American education and values as well as African features and traditions. The cultural transformation of the Black Community during the late 1800s and early 1900s influenced all aspects of being black in America. By adapting Eurocentric values African Americans were able to fight and survive in American society. Madam CJ Walker, Marcus Garvey, and a united but divided black community, who were stripped of their kingdom, language, and customs during slavery, used the coexistence of Afro and Eurocentric ideals, traditions, and cultures to create one of their own.

Free Essays on Wal-Mart

Table of Contents I. Title Page II. Table of Contents III. Executive Summary IV. Situation Analysis a. Environment b. Industry c. Firm d. Marketing Strategy V. Problems Found in Situation Analysis a. Statement of Primary Problems b. Statement of Secondary Problems VI. Strategic Alternatives for Solving Problems a. Description of Strategic Alternative  · International Expansion b. Description of Strategic Alternative  · xxxxxxx c. Description of Strategic Alternative  · xxxxxxx d. Description of Strategic Alternative  · xxxxxxx VII. Selection of Strategic Alternatives and Implementation a. Statement of Selected Strategy b. Justification for Selection of Strategy c. Description of Implementation of Strategy VIII. Appendices a. Sustainable Competitive Advantage b. Application of:  · Porter’s five forces  · Michael Porter’s â€Å"Diamond of National Advantage.† c. III Executive Summary Sam Walton is the founder of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. which was established in Rogers, Arkansas 1962 due to the introduction of a new type of retailing concept called discount retailing. At the same time there was also the emergence of two well known competitors K-Mart and Target which only solidified that the American consumer was shifting more towards a different type of a general store. Walton had recognized a growing market for discount retailing and with extensive research in the United States and overseas he developed the concept â€Å"Sell name brand merchandise at low prices† which soon became the model for all Wal-Mart stores to follow. Wal-Mart from in its early stages began to aggressively expand. Sam Walton has had experience in the retailing industry prior the company’s actual creation with his starting point at J.C. Penny’s as a management trainee, and after WWII branched off in the acquisition of a series of Ben Franklin variety stores. Apparent in the makeup of Wal-Mart cultur... Free Essays on Wal-Mart Free Essays on Wal-Mart Wal-Mart Abstract Sam Walton, a leader with an innovative vision, started his own company and made it into the leader in discount retailing that it is today. Through his savvy, and sometimes unusual, business practices, he and his associates led the company forward for thirty years. Today, four years after his death, the company is still growing steadily. Wal-Mart executives continue to rely on many of the traditional goals and philosophies that Sam's legacy left behind, while simultaneously keeping one step ahead of the ever-changing technology and methods of today's fast-paced business environment. The organization has faced, and is still facing, a significant amount of controversy over several different issues; however, none of these have done much more than scrape the exterior of this gigantic operation. The future also looks bright for Wal-Mart, especially if it is able to strike a comfortable balance between increasing its profits and recognizing its social and ethical resp onsibilities. Why is Wal-Mart so Successful? Is it Good Strategy or Good Strategy Implementation? In 1962, when Sam Walton opened the first Wal-Mart store in Rogers, Arkansas, no one could have ever predicted the enormous success this small-town merchant would have. Sam Walton's talent for discount retailing not only made Wal-Mart the world's largest retailer, but also the world's number one retailer in sales. Indeed, Wal-Mart was named "Retailer of the Decade" by Discount Store News in 1989, and on several occasions has been included in Fortune's list of the "10 most admired corporations." Even with Walton's death (after a two-year battle with bone cancer) in 1992, Wal-Mart's sales continue to grow significantly. The Wal-Mart Philosophy Wal-Mart is successful not only because it makes sound strategic management decisions, but also for its innovative implementation of those strategic decisions. Regarded by many as the entrepreneur of the c... Free Essays on Wal-mart Table of Contents I. Title Page II. Table of Contents III. Executive Summary IV. Situation Analysis a. Environment b. Industry c. Firm d. Marketing Strategy V. Problems Found in Situation Analysis a. Statement of Primary Problems b. Statement of Secondary Problems VI. Strategic Alternatives for Solving Problems a. Description of Strategic Alternative  · International Expansion b. Description of Strategic Alternative  · xxxxxxx c. Description of Strategic Alternative  · xxxxxxx d. Description of Strategic Alternative  · xxxxxxx VII. Selection of Strategic Alternatives and Implementation a. Statement of Selected Strategy b. Justification for Selection of Strategy c. Description of Implementation of Strategy VIII. Appendices a. Sustainable Competitive Advantage b. Application of:  · Porter’s five forces  · Michael Porter’s â€Å"Diamond of National Advantage.† c. III Executive Summary Sam Walton is the founder of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. which was established in Rogers, Arkansas 1962 due to the introduction of a new type of retailing concept called discount retailing. At the same time there was also the emergence of two well known competitors K-Mart and Target which only solidified that the American consumer was shifting more towards a different type of a general store. Walton had recognized a growing market for discount retailing and with extensive research in the United States and overseas he developed the concept â€Å"Sell name brand merchandise at low prices† which soon became the model for all Wal-Mart stores to follow. Wal-Mart from in its early stages began to aggressively expand. Sam Walton has had experience in the retailing industry prior the company’s actual creation with his starting point at J.C. Penny’s as a management trainee, and after WWII branched off in the acquisition of a series of Ben Franklin variety stores. Apparent in the makeup of Wal-Mart cultur...

Education Issues and Special Education Needs Essay

Education Issues and Special Education Needs - Essay Example This paper analyzes the major challenge with this funding system which is in the ability of schools to determine the students who require funding based on the assessment of their level of disability. The school may not be able to have competent staff to determine whether the student has a problematic behaviour. This can lead to the exclusion of needy students into the system. In all the funding systems discussed above, the provision of resources necessary for the maintenance of students without statements concerning special education needs should be delegated to schools. However, there are variations in the factors that applied in determining the amount of resources the school should receive. Students with statements concerning special education needs need to be funded on an individual basis to ensure that they fully benefit from education. Full support of children with disability ensures that they are not disadvantaged when in comes to the allocation of resources and in competing with other students to meet the requirements of standard education. This essay makes a conclusion that local authorities should allocate funds to the schools based on the numbers of students entitled to free school meals in the cases whereby they do not have documented statements concerning special education needs. However, they should avail adequate funds to cater for the children with statements concerning special education needs. The funding should be based not on the availability of funds but on the needs of the students with disability. Limiting funds for the sustenance of these children leads to suffering in their attempt to achieve quality education as other members of the society. Students with disability should also be entitled to education grants from the government to fund their education as other members of the public.

Harvard referencing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Harvard referencing - Essay Example Available from: http://www.unn.ac.uk/central/isd/cite/index.htm (Accessed: 21 May 2004). University of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education (2007) Lecture notes from Managing People Module Seminar 4 [Online]. Available from: University of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education VLE (Accessed: 28 February 2007). Fedchak, E. & Duvall, L. (1996) An engineering approach to electronic publishing, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multimedia Software Development, 25-26 March, Berlin. Los Alamitos, California: IEEE Computer Society Press, pp.80-88. Al-Madhoun, M. & Analoui, F. (2004) Developing SME managers under fire: negotiating obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine, Journal of Management Development, 23 (5), pp.479-495, IngentaConnect [Online]. Available from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com (Accessed: 9 June 2005). 5. Podcast University of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education (2007) Lecture notes from Managing People Module Seminar 4 [Online]. Available from: University of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education VLE (Accessed: 28 February 2007). Pears, R. & Shields, G. (1995) Cite them right: referencing made easy [Online] Northumbria: Northumbria University. Available from: http://www.unn.ac.uk/central/isd/cite/index.htm (Accessed: 21 May 2004). University of Liverpool (n.d) Referencing and Developing a Bibliography using the Harvard Method. Available from: http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus/referencing/referencing.htm. (Accessed: 8 July

Pellet Catalyst Development using Ferroxcube Process

Pellet Catalyst Development using Ferroxcube Process Pellet catalyst development using the Ferroxcube process The pellet preparation followed the classic routine of the powder metallurgy industry (NTUA): hematite (Fe2O3) or magnetite (Fe3O4) powders were homogenized in a plasticizer and greasing environment, within a rotating pan (Figure 7). Consequently, disks were pressed in a 150 bar hydraulic press (Figure 8). NTUA used the experience of CERTH (coordinators of the HYDROSOL projects to proceed in the proper preparation of the pellets). Figure 7. Rotating panFigure 8. The 150 bar hydraulic press After the initial pelletization by the hydraulic press, the pellets were undergone sintering and reduction in a controlled atmosphere (oxygen-reduced atmosphere) oven as shown in Figure 9, in order to obtain the magnetite phase certified by XRD, as shown in Figure 10. Figure 9. The sintering oven.Figure 10. XRD response of the sintered pellet, certifying the magnetite phase The porosity of the pellet and the neck development, offering substantial mechanical properties, have been monitored by SEM, as shown in Figure 11, as well as by the classic pressurizing methods. This way, the magnetite pellets have been stabilized in mechanical, electric and magnetic properties, offering mechanical robustness and electric resistivity below 10 Ohm or 3 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­Ohm.m (non-used pellet). Furthermore, an advanced manufacturing process has been proposed by the SUN Unit to the above-mentioned industrial technique. During sintering and reduction process, magnetic field can be added externally to the sintering and reducing ovens to magnetically orient the magnetite dipoles in the desired direction, allowing for advanced Lorentz force control. 2.2. A thin-film catalyst We have conceived and developed a thin film device for the hydrogen production which can be integrated in an automated system. The device can also be used for the reduction and oxidation process in oxide semiconducting films supported by metal substrates-wafers, even if they do not exhibit coherent magnetic order. The method is based on the Lorentz forces acted on the reducing oxidizing conducting electrons in the said oxide semiconducting films. Hence, this device can trap oxygen and hydroxyl from transmitted water, thus producing hydrogen. This such reduction and oxidation process in open air, as well as controlled atmosphere conditions. A particular application, useful for the HELENIC REF project refers to the three-layer depicted in Figure 15. The upper layer consists of a magnetite film not thicker than 500 nm, an insulating thin film supporting the magnetite film, not thicker than 500 nm and finally a metallic wafer made of Al or other metal, supporting the insulating and the magnetite thin film. Figure 15. Schematic of the catalyst Possible manufacturing methods include electrodeposition, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition as well as lithography and masking methods for the generation of electric contacts on the upper thin film. Concerning Fe3O4 (magnetite) film, a preferable but not obligatory condition is to be able to provide magnetic order in all grains of the ferrimagnetic cells of the oxide. This is achieved by magnetic field during deposition or by post-processing magnetic field annealing with subsequent field cooling. The desired properties of the Fe3O4 (magnetite) film are indicatively as follows: Structure of the magnetite phase, which can be certified by X-ray powder diffraction Multi-grained microstructure with small necks between grains, monitored by Electron Microscopy Resistivity below 10 kOhm, indicative of semiconducting phase Magnetic order, observed by monitoring the magnetic hysteresis loop Mechanical robustness observed by hardness and wear measurement Applying electric current through the metallic support of the film results in magnetic field parallel to the surface of the film and vertical to the applied electric current. The amplitude of this field is: Where I is the applied electric current and a the thickness of the film. If the thickness a (sum of the magnetite film and the insulating thin film) are less than 1 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m and the current I is C Amperes, then the applied field is: Thus, the applied field is controllable by the applied electric current through the metallic support. This current can easily be in the order of one Amperes in dc mode or several tens of Amperes in pulsed mode, if the thickness of the metallic support is in the order of 100 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m, thus allowing the transmission of magnetic field larger than 1 T in the vicinity of the oxide semiconducting film. Therefore, passing electric current through metallic support, one can simulate the magnetic field vertical to the direction of electric current passing through the magnetite thin film. The directions of these two electric currents characterizes the direction of the Lorentz force on the conducting electrons of the magnetite film. Parallel currents result in forcing the electrons towards the insulating thin film, while anti-parallel currents force them towards the surface of the magnetite film. These two different directions of Lorentz forces have a different effect on the operation of the magnetite thin film, acting as catalyst for the production of hydrogen. Passing electric current along the magnetite film, independent on the electric current passing through the metallic substrate of the magnetite film, (i.e. from another source), along the same direction of the current transmitted to the metallic substrate, results in a Lorentz force acting on the charge carriers (electrons) moving them from the surface towards the insulating thin film. Thus, the surface of the magnetite film becomes activated, in other words is reduced due to the removal of the mentioned Lorentz electrons. Activation is the generation of electron vacancies, offering the generation of new oxygen vacancies (excess of oxygen vacancies). Thus, the resistivity drops, and the applied voltage results in higher current, which increases the local temperature to 280 320C. Such temperature increase is observable by any kind of pyrometer. The temperature increase is dependent on the combination of the electric current passing through the oxide semiconducting film and the magnetic field transmitted to it due to the electric current passing through the metallic support. The effect is reversible and un-hysteretic: increase or decrease of the amplitude of I x H product, where I is the applied current on the oxide film and H the field resulting from the current on the metallic substrate, results in un-hysteretic and reversible increase or decrease of the temperature and reduction of the oxide film respectively. Such activation can be maintained even in open air: the competition between the Lorentz electrons based reduction and the free air oxidation finally results in oxidation which can also be macroscopically observed by the decrease of the activated (reduced) area on the free surface of the film. Having limited the current passing through the metallic support may result in activation (reduction) shrinkage. In this case, increasing the current transmitted to the metallic substrate before the radiation disappears, or before oxygen vacancy excess disappears, the oxygen vacancy excess is rejuvenated. Such rejuvenation is completely reversible by using the magnetic field produced by the current passing through the metallic support (in the order of 1 T). After complete oxidation (phase transformation of all the Fe3O4 film to Fe2O3) such oxygen vacancy excess and consequent reduction of the compound is impossible with magnetic fields of this order. The reduction and oxidation process can be monitored by measuring the surface resistivity of the magnetite film. Such resistivity depicts the increase or decrease of oxygen vacancies on the surface and consequently the bulk of the oxide pellet. Increase and decrease of this resistivity is equivalent to the oxidation and reduction of the resistivity of the surface respectively. This effect is observable in all types of oxide semiconducting films even in the absence of coherent magnetic order in them. To be able to observe this effect in oxide semiconducting films, they should be in a continuous solid state form, exhibiting even a small electric conductivity, and provided that magnetic field and electric current of proper waveform and amplitude are simultaneously applied on the semiconducting oxide film and the conducting (metallic) support. Such reduction mechanism can be used in the reduction of compounds passing on or through the film surface. Our focus is the reduction of pure vapor water to H2, by means of trapping the oxygen or the hydroxyl of the water molecule to the reduced (or activated) magnetite. Such oxidation with consequent hydrogen production can be reversed back to oxide reduction (activation) by means of stopping the water vapor transmission. This way, the two electric currents will reduce (activate) again the surface of the oxide film, provided that no water vapors are transmitted to the pellet surface or body. A certain application of such effect is the use of the said pair of Fe3O4 (magnetite) film with its metallic support for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water vapors, using the following algorithm: Independent electric currents pass through the metallic support and the oxide semiconducting film in the same direction. Thus, the surface of the oxide semiconducting film is reduced (activated). Then, water vapor is transmitted on the surface of the oxide semiconducting film, resulting in oxygen trapping, hydrogen production and oxidation of the surface of the oxide semiconducting film. As soon as the resistance of the surface of the oxide semiconducting film exceeds a certain threshold, indicating reach to a critical level of oxide film surface reduction, the water vapor transmission is stopped. Thus, the oxide film surface is re-activated, followed by consequent oxygen release, until the resistance of the oxide film surface reaches a minimum threshold, indicating proper reduction (activation), which is proper for oxygen trapping. Then, water vapor is re-transmitted to the re-activated oxide film surface for hydrogen production. The production of hydrogen and oxygen is followed by an automatic storage of these two gases in different chambers to be used for any scope, like thermal combustion or fuel cell operation or other purpose. Development of the thin film catalysts The Dynamic Hydrogen Bubble Template (DHBT) is an excellent method for the fabrication of macrostructures with nanoporous side walls. The method has been named from the phenomena when a series of hydrogen-bubbles generated on the surface of the substrae act like a dynamic negative template. Figure 1 demonstrates the theoretical approach of the technique. Figure 1(a) illustrates the hydrogen-evolution taking place on the surface there is no metal/metal-oxide deposition. The size of the bubbles increasing along the distance from the substrate surface. Fig 1(b) shows the SEM-image of copper nanofoams prepared by DHBT. Figure 1. (a) Simplified description of DHBT generated metal/metal-based foams; (b) Honeycomb-like Cu-deposit structure made by DHBT. The electrochemical deposition procedure of the development of the catalyst is divided in two main parts. At first preliminary experiments on deposition of magnetite film were carried out in order to determine the orders of amplitude of the different involved parameters (current density, geometry etc.). , the electrochemical deposition of iron-oxide films was carried out as a preliminary approach. Based on the results of the characterization, the parameters of the deposition were varied in a high range in order to obtain 3D-structured porous nanofoams. The films were electrodeposited onto copper substrates (purity: 99.5%). The substrates were mechanically polished with 800 and 2000 emery papers, respectively. Henceforward, the polished substrates were ultrasonically cleaned in deionized water, ethanol and acetone, respectively. The 2 cm2 active surface area of the substrate was ensured by commercial nail-polish and insulating tape. The galvanostatic deposition was carried out in a two-electrode cell using a DC Power Supply. Platinum-mesh was used as counter electrode. Two different arrangement of the working electrode have been tested as shown in Figure 2. The electrolytic bath was a strongly alkaline solution with pH 12.5 made of 0.037 M Fe2(SO4)3.x H2O, 0.1 M triethanolamine (TEA) and 2 M NaOH. After mixing the components at T = 80 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C the solution had greyish-green color and no turbidity was observed. The parameters of the deposition process were varied in the terms of current density, bath temperature and deposition time. The range of cathodic current density was chosen j = 5-15 mA.cm-2, the depostion time was given from 5 min to 6 hours and the bath temperature was adjusted T = 60-90 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C. The nominal thicknesses of the prepared structures were calculated by using the Faraday-law. The surface morphology of the deposited film-layers were studied by scanning electron microscope (Nova NanoSEM 230) and the crystallographic characterization was determined by X-ray diffraction (Bruker D8 Advance, Cu radiation-40kV, 35mA). Figure 16. a) copper triangle used as working electrode (W) by turning the active surface towards the surface of the electrolyte b) copper-plate (W) used as working electrode by immersing it totally and by turning the active surface towards the counter electrode (C). Concerning the development of 3D-structured porous films, the substrate deposition was not changed (Cu-foil, purity: 99.5%). SiC polishing papers were used in grade of 800, 1500, 2500 and 4000, respectively as a surface pre-treatment. All the pre-treated samples were ultrasonically cleaned in deionized water, ethanol and acetone, respectively. In that case, the active surface area of the substrates was reduced to 0.5 cm-2 and fixed with nail-polish and insulating tape. The galvanostatic deposition was carried out in a two electrode cell using a BioLogic SP 300 potentiostat. Platinum-wire was used as counter electrode. Concerning the result of the film-deposition the arrangement of the working electrode was set in vertical position. The electrolytic bath, concentrations and its properties were the same as described above. The cathodic current density was varied in the range ofj = 0.075-1 A.cm-2, the depostion time was changed between 30 sec to 180 s and the bath temperature was adjusted T = 90 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C. Similar films have also been developed by using sputtering deposition and electron-gun aided deposition (Figure 17). Apart from the electrolytic method, thin magnetite films were also deposited onto insulating films by usign spuutering and electron gun physical evaporation at the NTUA. However, the obtained results on the porosity of the magnetite films are not comparable with the DHBT method and therefore they are not demonstratable at their current stage. Nevertheless, experiments are under way to obtain PVD films of the quality observed in the electrodeposited films. Characterization of catalysts Structural analysis The catalyst pellets were prepared by a proprietary process from Fe3O4 powders. IP SAS used Fe3O4 powder with declared purity better than 99% and nominal grain size of 2-4um supplied by chemicalstore.com, product code FE3O4M1. The phase composition determined by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) is shown in Figure 38. Minor traces of Hematite can be observed at 32.8 ° 2Theta for the sample produced at IP SAS. Figure 38. XRD patterns from pellets prepared by SUN (red) and IP SAS (blue). Marked constituent phases are Magnetite (blue lines) and Hematite (black lines) A typical XRD response in the bulk SUN pellets and in bulk CERTH pellets is illustrated in Figure 1, demonstrating exclusive magnetite presence. Figure 1. XRD response of bulk pellets from SUN (left) and CERTH (right) illustrating exclusive presence of magnetite Phase transformations were studied by the means of in-situ XRD presented in Figure 41. Samples were mortar milled to obtain a fine powder that could be spread on the sample holder of the furnace. Milling force was kept minimal to preserve the structure of the pellet parts. Linear heating with indicated rate was used to obtain well-defined diffraction maxima with respect to the signal to noise ratio. Diffractometer was configured for parallel beam illumination with a secondary LiF monochromator to supress fluorescence from the Fe containing pellets. Formerly purely magnetite pellets are transforming to hematite in the vicinity of 300 °C. After the transformation no other phase change was observed. Pellets supplied by SUN exibit the transformation at higher temparature than the pellets prepared at IP SAS. This can be atributed to the smaller size of the Fe3O4 crystallites in the SUN pellets. Detailed pattern examination is shown in Figure 42. The studied powdered pellets exhibit only presence of magnetite and hematite respectively. Diffraction maxima at 26 ° 2Theta corresponds to SiO2 present as a thin layer grown on the non-reflective Si sample holder. Figure 41. In-situ XRD patterns of catalysts in air atmosphere with indicated heating rate Figure 42. In-situ XRD patterns of annealed catalyst pellets at indicated temperatures. Marked constituent phases Magnetite (blue lines) and Hematite (black lines).Catalyst prepared at SUN left, IP SAS right. Crystallographic study of the iron-oxide thin films samples was also realized. Figure 4 represents the identification of the observed peaks. Figure 4(a) shows the results of sample prepared in 3300 s in 70 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C bath with -5 mA.cm-2 current density. Grazing incidence XRD patterns of this sample indicate the presence of magnetite (blue lines) and copper substrate (green lines). Grazing angle was 2 (red curve) and 6 degrees (blue curve), respectively. In Figure 4(b) the results of sample with same conditions as in Figure 4(a) can be seen, but in this case the current density was -9 mA.cm-2. Here, grazing incidence XRD patterns indicate iron (grey lines) and copper (green lines). Grazing angle was 2 (red curve) and 6 degrees (blue curve), respectively. Figure 4(c/1) and (c/2) show the results of XRD taken from the same sample with deposition conditions of 2 hours deposition time in 85 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C bath and -12.5 mA.cm-2 current density. Figure 4. X-ray diffractograms of the iron-oxide electrodeposited samples prepared under different conditions. a, Άt=3300 s,T = 70  °C, j= -5 mA cm-2; b, Άt=3300 s, T= 70 °C, j= -9 mA cm-2; c/1, Άt=7200 s, T= 85 °C, j = -12.5 mA cm-2; c/2, powder scratched from the surface of sample c/1 In Figure 4(c/1) the grazing incidence XRD patterns were done on the sample with the substrate. Clear evidence of magnetite (blue lines), iron (grey lines) and copper as substrate (green lines). Grazing angle was 2 (red curve) and 6 degrees (blue curve), respectively. Figure 4(c/2) demonstrates grazing incidence XRD pattern of loose powder from the same sample as (c/1). Only magnetite phase (blue lines) is detected. Grazing angle was 2 degrees. The XRD results show clear evidence of magnetite if the current density does not exceed 8 mA.cm-2 cathodic current density (see Figures 4(a) and (b). Apart from that, XPS studies have also been performed after the check meeting. For integration reasons, they are demonstrated only in the Milestone 1 document. Microstructural analysis Morphology of pellets after preparation was studied by the means of SEM (scanning electron microscopy) shown in Fig. 39. The particle size is larger for the catalyst prepared by SUN. The particle size of sample prepared at IP SAS is in good agreement with the manufacturer specification and is rather homogenous in size distribution. Sample prepared at SUN is exhibiting a different size distribution ranging from very fine sub-micron particles up to particles with size increasing 50um shown in Fig. 39 and 40. As can be seen the porosity of the prepared pellets is higher for the pellet prepared at IP SAS. The grid shown in Fig. 40 is protecting the sample from being destroyed by the magnetic field in the microscope and thus contaminating the microscope system by fine magnetic dust in the pole-piece, lens and detector system. It is worth to mention that the particle size is not directly explaining the diffraction maxima broadening shown in inset in Fig. 38. This is due to the fact that the diffraction domain size is rather different than the grain size of a particle. We can surely state that the diffraction domain size is smaller in the pellet prepared at SUN rather than at IP SAS despite the observed grain-size distribution. Figure 39. SEM micrographs of catalysts prepared by SUN (left) and IP SAS (right) Figure 40. Low magnification micrographs of catalyst prepared by SUN (left) and IP SAS (right) Micrographs from the CERTH pellets (Figure 41) illustrate a clear evidence of necks, responsible for the significant reduction of temperature. Figure 41. Micrographs of the CERTH pellets, illustrating the presence of micro-necks, responsible for the improvement of the electric and mechanical properties Concerning the thin film catalysts, SEM analysis was performed. Figure 3 demonstrates 4 different SEM-images of the prepared samples. Fig 3(a) was taken on a sample prepared in 300 s deposition period in 60 °C bath with -7.5 mA cm-2 current density, and the nominal thickness was 2.24 ÃŽÂ ¼m. In Fig 3(b) can be seen the morphology of the sample prepared in 300 s at 70 °C with-5 mA cm-2 current densitywith nominal thickness of 23.55 ÃŽÂ ¼m. Fig 3(c) shows the SEM-result of the sample deposited with the same bath temperature and current density as 3(b) but extended deposition time: Άt = 900 s (dn = 30.28 ÃŽÂ ¼m). Fig 3(d) represents the SEM-image of the sample prepared in the highest bath temperature 90 °C with 5 min deposition time, -7.5 mA cm-2 current density (dn = 4.42 ÃŽÂ ¼m). The SEM-images clearly show the structural changes by increasing the bath-temperature. Filamentous deposit structure has been observed at 90 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C. Due to the galvanostatic deposition mode the potential values have been not recorded. For better understanding of the structural formations potentiostatic deposition mode should be done. Figure 3. SEM-images of the electrodeposited iron-oxide samples with different deposition parameters (a) Άt=300 s,T= 60 °C, j= -7.5 mA cm-2 at 30000X magnification (b) Άt=300 s, T= 70 °C, j = -5 mA cm-2 at 15 000X magnification(c) Άt=900 s, T= 70 °C, j= -5 mA cm-2at 10000X magnification (d) Άt=300 s, T= 90 °C, j= -7.5 mA cm-2 at 10000X magnification. Concerning nano-foam, due to the fact that the experiments were done in the close past the characterization of the prepared nanostructures was done only by scanning electron microscope. Figure 5 demonstrates the first promising results of the electrochemical deposition of iron-based 3D structures by using hydrogen generation on the surface as a negative template. Such a structure was a result of applying -0.375 A.cm-2 and more negative current density, namely -1 A.cm-2 with different depositing times. Fig 5(a) to Fig 5 (c) represents a possible building process of the 3D networks with pore size range in 2-6 ÃŽÂ ¼m. Other type of deposit can be observed at Fig 5(d) to Fig 5(e) with numerous dendrites along the pore-sides by using current density -0.375 A.cm-2 with different deposition times. The formation of porous layer is not so obvious like in the previous case, but the size of pores are close in the same range than the pores formed at -1 A.cm-2.