Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Whether or not trayvons martin case was justifed correctly Essay

Regardless of whether trayvons martin case was justifed accurately - Essay Example The case may include issues on race (Jefferson, 9). Eighty seven percent of the African Americans state that there was no equity in the decision; among whites, just 33 percent bolster the African Americans’ claims. A slender larger part of about 51% of the whites support that the decision was blameless in the preliminary though African Americans emphatically oppose the cases. Just a little level of the African Americans support the cases by the whites. On the open perspectives, there is additionally a supporter hint. Among 30% of the republicans, object the decision while 70% of them support the decision. Rather than concentrating on the skin shading individuals should concentrate on hearts (Anthology 15). Concerning the criminal equity framework, an all out number of 86 percent among the African Americans guarantee that blacks among numerous minorities get inconsistent treatment in the law; just 41percent by the whites make such cases though the other 54% case that there is correspondence for the negligible gatherings. Under 40% of imprisoned individuals are ethnic and racial minorities (Birzer 27). Eighty-one percent of the African Americans guarantee that the central government ought to watch the social liberties rebellion and charge Zimmerman in a bureaucratic court. 50% of the whites contradict such charges, though 27percent of them consent to the charges demonstrating the nearness of White incomparability in real life (Yancy and Jones 9). 60% of the Hispanics guarantee that blacks among other peripheral gatherings neglect to get reasonable medicines like the whites do and a proportion of two to one dislikes the decision. Martin gauged ten pounds lighter, however six inches taller than the Hispanic who put Trayvon’s life to an end (Anthology 1). It was around evening time during the shooting and Martin was on his way home when he saw a vehicle behind him, which tailed him for quite a while. Martin fled to the patios walkways from the road walkways (Jefferson 5).

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Psychology Notes

Notes Definition of brain research: Psychology: the study of conduct and mental procedures Science: way to deal with information dependent on precise perception Behavior: straightforwardly detectable and quantifiable human activities Mental procedures: private mental exercises that incorporate reasoning, seeing, and feeling Theories: speculative clarification of realities and relationship in sciences 4 objectives of brain research: 1 . Portray: the data accumulated through explicit research assists therapists with depicting mental wonders all the more precisely and totally. Foresee: clinicians can anticipate future conduct. 3. Get: conduct and mental procedures when we can clarify why they occur. 4. Impact: therapists would like to go stunning, comprehension, and expectation to Influence conduct in helpful manners. Thoughtfulness: the way toward searching internally at one's own cognizance Structuralism: the nineteenth century school of brain research that looked to decide the struct ure of the psyche through controlled introspection.Gestalt brain science: the way of thinking dependent on the conviction that human obviousness can't be separated into Its components Gestalt: a composed or brought together entire Phi wonder: the impression of evident development between two fixed boosts J. Henry Olsson: is the most popular for his investigations of the vibes of warmth and cold. He found that we feel cold when one sort of nerve finishing off with the skin is animated, and we feel warm feel exceptional warmth just when both the glow and cold receptors in the skin are invigorated at a similar time.Functionalism: the nineteenth century school of brain science that underlined the valuable elements of awareness Cognition: mental procedures of seeing, angling, talking, recalling, knowing, choosing, etc. Subjective procedures, for example, discernment, memory, and thinking Hermann Banishes: he remembered arrangements of data and estimated his memory for them after various interims of time.He imagined an altogether new arrangement of inane things for his examination called babble syllables, for example, KEBAB and MUG. Mary Whiten Calking: was an unmistakable educator and specialist who was an innovator in inquire about on memory. She built up a technique to consider memory that varied from Banishes. She likewise spearheaded the logical investigation of dreams. Alfred Bines (Psychometrics): the helpful elements of cognizant mental procedures in a totally different however extremely handy bearing. He built up an approach to quantify intelligence.Psychometrics: the point of view in brain research established by Bines that centers around the estimation of mental capacities Behaviorism: the school of brain science that underlines the way toward learning and the estimation of unmistakable conduct Social learning hypothesis: the perspective that the most significant parts of our conduct re gained from different people in society?family, companions, and cultu re Unconscious brain: all psychological action of which we are ignorant Motives: inward states or conditions that initiate conduct and provide it guidance Psychoanalysis: the procedure of helping people with passionate issues dependent on Sigmund Fraud's hypothesis of the oblivious psyche Humanistic brain science: the mental view that individuals have an intrinsic propensity to improve and decide their lives by the choices they make Neuroscience point of view: the perspective in brain research that centers around the anxious yester in clarifying conduct and mental procedures Coloratura viewpoint: the hypothesis of brain research that expresses that it is important to comprehend one's way of life, ethnic personality, and other coloratura components to completely comprehend an individual Culture: the examples of conduct, convictions, and qualities shared by a gathering of individuals predecessors Ethnic character: every individual's feeling of having a place with a specific ethnic gat hering Gender personality: one's perspective on oneself as male of female Cultural relativity: the point of view that advances considering various societies in encourage terms as opposed to Judgmental terms Coloratura factors throughout the entire existence of brain research: Laurel Promote and Elizabeth Scarborough, Leonard Crasser, and Ellen Kismet have helped change our perspective on the job of ladies throughout the entire existence of brain science by helping us to remember some key realities. In the beginning of brain research, it was amazingly troublesome of the most qualified ladies to acquire admission to graduate projects, when they get preparing; they were once in a while offered showing position at the male-overwhelmed establishments that they had the best prepared labs. Fundamental Areas of Modern Psychology: 1 .Biological brain research: study the manners by which the sensory system and different organs give the premise to conduct. 2. Sensation and discernment: how the sense organs work and how we decipher approaching tactile data during the time spent recognition 3. Learning and memory: the manners by which we learn and recall new data, new aptitudes, new propensities, and better approaches for identifying with others are concentrated in this critical thinking 4. Discernment: with keen activity: thinking, getting, arranging, envisioning, making, dreaming, talking, tuning in, and critical thinking 5. Formative brain science: with changes that occur in individuals during their life expectancy, as they develop from birth to mature age 6.Motivation and feeling: the requirements and states that initiate and guide practices, for example, hunger, thirst, sex, the need of accomplishment, the need to have associations with others. The idea of the emotions and temperaments that shading human experience is likewise a subject of this claim to fame 7. Character: centers around the pretty much reliable methods of carrying on that heartier our characters 8. So cial brain research: the impact of others on our conduct: the conduct of individuals in gatherings, hordes, or associations; relational fascination and close connections; and mentalities and preference toward others 9. Coloratura brain science: center around ethnic and social variables, sex character, sexual direction, and related issues. Applied Areas of Modern Psychology: 1 .Clinical brain science: attempt to comprehend and treat passionate issues and right strange conduct 2. Directing brain research: help individuals with individual or school looters and with profession decisions 3. Modern and authoritative brain research: centers around approaches to coordinate representatives to Jobs, to prepare and propel laborers, and to advance Job fulfillment and great connections among laborers 4. Instructive and school brain science: is worried about the manners in which youngsters learn in the study hall and spotlight on the manners by which pressures, clashes, hardships, and different v ariables add to unexpected frailty. To forestall medical issues, for example, coronary illness by instructing individuals to unwind, work out, control their eating regimens, and stop high hazard practices, for example, smoking. Brain research Notes Notes Definition of brain research: Psychology: the study of conduct and mental procedures Science: way to deal with information dependent on precise perception Behavior: straightforwardly noticeable and quantifiable human activities Mental procedures: private mental exercises that incorporate reasoning, seeing, and feeling Theories: conditional clarification of realities and relationship in sciences 4 objectives of brain research: 1 . Portray: the data assembled through explicit research assists therapists with depicting mental marvels all the more precisely and totally. Foresee: analysts can anticipate future conduct. 3. Get: conduct and mental procedures when we can clarify why they occur. 4. Impact: therapists would like to go amazing, comprehension, and expectation to Influence conduct in gainful manners. Thoughtfulness: the way toward searching internally at one's own awareness Structuralism: the nineteenth century school of brain science that tried to decide the structure of t he brain through controlled introspection.Gestalt brain research: the way of thinking dependent on the conviction that human obviousness can't be separated into Its components Gestalt: a sorted out or brought together entire Phi wonder: the view of clear development between two fixed improvements J. Henry Olsson: is the most popular for his investigations of the vibes of warmth and cold. He found that we feel cold when one sort of nerve finishing off with the skin is animated, and we feel warm feel extreme warmth just when both the glow and cold receptors in the skin are invigorated at a similar time.Functionalism: the nineteenth century school of brain science that stressed the valuable elements of cognizance Cognition: mental procedures of seeing, angling, talking, recollecting, knowing, choosing, etc. Intellectual procedures, for example, observation, memory, and thinking Hermann Banishes: he remembered arrangements of data and estimated his memory for them after various interims of time.He created a completely new arrangement of good for nothing things for his examination called garbage syllables, for example, KEBAB and MUG. Mary Whiten Calking: was a conspicuous educator and specialist who was a pioneer in explore on memory. She built up a strategy to consider memory that contrasted from Banishes. She additionally spearheaded the logical investigation of dreams. Alfred Bines (Psychometrics): the helpful elements of cognizant mental procedures in a totally different however exceptionally useful heading. He built up an approach to gauge intelligence.Psychometrics: the point of view in brain science established by Bines that centers around the estimation of mental capacities Behaviorism: the school of brain research that underlines the way toward learning and the estimation of plain conduct Social learning hypothesis: the perspective that the most significant parts of our conduct re gained from different people in society?family, companions, and culture Unco nscious brain: all psychological movement of which we are uninformed Motives: inner states or conditions that initiate conduct and provide it guidance Psychoanalysis: the strategy of helping people with passionate issues dependent on Sigmund Fraud's hypothesis of the oblivious psyche Humanistic brain science: the mental view that individuals have an

Friday, August 21, 2020

The Best TOEFL Books of 2019

The Best TOEFL Books of 2019 It has been a long time since I wrote about the best TOEFL textbooks on the market. Thats because I generally dislike most of what is available. Generally speaking, TOEFL textbooks are inaccurate and unhelpful. However, this used to be the most popular section of my blog, so I guess it is about time to write something about the topic. Here goes.Update from 2020: Ive published a new list. Ignore this one and check out the new one instead!For an Introduction to the TOEFLThe Official Guide to the TOEFLThe best general overview of the TOEFL is still The Official Guide to the TOEFL Test. This book comes from ETS, who creates the TOEFL week after week. This basic textbook provides the most accurate description of the questions you will get on the test. It also comes with four practice tests that can be accessed via DVD. However, it must be said that the book is sometimes inaccurate, especially when it comes to the writing section of the test. If you buy this book, make sure to read my arti cle about all of the mistakes it contains.The link above is to the 5th edition. You can save money by getting the 4th edition, but I dont recommend it. It contains one less test, uses only a CD-ROM and the descriptions of questions are slightly out of date.Books For Practice TOEFL TestsThe Official Test CollectionThe best source of practice tests is The Official iBT Tests Collection Volume 2. This book contains five actual TOEFL tests from the past, delivered on DVD. These are the most accurate practice tests you will find anywhere, though they are pretty old. You can save money by getting the CD-ROM version, which contains the same tests.The second best source of practice tests is The Official iBT Tests Collection Volume 1. Same as above, but these are even older.TST PrepIf you are looking for a third-party source of practice tests, check out TST Preps collection of 10 practice tests. This is the only third-party I ever recommend to students when it comes to practice tests. You mig ht get a 10% discount if you use the coupon code goodine10off.Books For The TOEFL Writing SectionTOEFL ResourcesThere is not a single good book about the writing section. Instead of using a book I recommend just reading my free resources.TST PrepI also recommend the writing course offered by TST Prep. It uses a series of video lectures to go into more detail than my own stuff provides. Again, save money by using the coupon code goodine10off.Books for the TOEFL Reading SectionHouse of TOEFLFor the reading section, I recommend Kathy Spratts Mastering the Reading Section for the TOEFL iBT. The second edition of this ebook was published in 2019. It will walk you through how to solve each possible question type and explain the traps that ETS commonly uses when designed incorrect answers. It contains plenty of original practice readings and questions. Make sure you dont get the first edition, which still shows up via some Amazon searches.Books for Grammar PracticeEnglish Grammar in UseFor grammar practice, I always recommend Raymond Murphys English Grammar in Use. It contains clear explanations of grammar points and plenty of practice exercises. If you are working with a teacher, they should be able to quickly tell you what chapters you, specifically, need to focus on. It was updated to a 5th edition in late 2018, but you can save money by getting the 4th edition, which is just as good.When students need more practice exercises, I usually recommend the supplementary activities textbook that accompanies the main volume (again, the old edition is cheaper).Practical English UsageIf you are a new TOEFL teacher, I strongly recommend picking up a copy of Michael Swans Practical English Usage. This weighty volume will help you answer all of those difficult questions about why you corrected your students work in such a way. It really help you get out of the habit of saying it just sounds more natural in response to student questions. If you are a student dont get this book for TOEFL prep. It might just be overkill.Books for TOEFL Vocabulary1800 TOEFL Essential VocabularyHonestly, I generally dont recommend vocabulary books. Basically, I feel that in the short and medium term learning words might be a waste of your time. You might spend hours and hours studying a book of words, but only encounter one or two of them on the test. Vocabulary acquisition takes a really long time, and you pretty much have to depend on what you already know when you take the test. That said, if you want a bunch of words, I recommend Darakwons 1800 TOEFL Essential Vocabulary. And hey the ebook version only costs two dollars, so it cant hurt to try.TOEFL Pocket VocabularyKaplan seems to publish a new bite-sized vocabulary book every few years. The current version appears to be TOEFL Pocket Vocabulary. I havent seen this edition, but it is probably just as good as the older ones. It has more words, at least.

The Best TOEFL Books of 2019

The Best TOEFL Books of 2019 It has been a long time since I wrote about the best TOEFL textbooks on the market. Thats because I generally dislike most of what is available. Generally speaking, TOEFL textbooks are inaccurate and unhelpful. However, this used to be the most popular section of my blog, so I guess it is about time to write something about the topic. Here goes.Update from 2020: Ive published a new list. Ignore this one and check out the new one instead!For an Introduction to the TOEFLThe Official Guide to the TOEFLThe best general overview of the TOEFL is still The Official Guide to the TOEFL Test. This book comes from ETS, who creates the TOEFL week after week. This basic textbook provides the most accurate description of the questions you will get on the test. It also comes with four practice tests that can be accessed via DVD. However, it must be said that the book is sometimes inaccurate, especially when it comes to the writing section of the test. If you buy this book, make sure to read my arti cle about all of the mistakes it contains.The link above is to the 5th edition. You can save money by getting the 4th edition, but I dont recommend it. It contains one less test, uses only a CD-ROM and the descriptions of questions are slightly out of date.Books For Practice TOEFL TestsThe Official Test CollectionThe best source of practice tests is The Official iBT Tests Collection Volume 2. This book contains five actual TOEFL tests from the past, delivered on DVD. These are the most accurate practice tests you will find anywhere, though they are pretty old. You can save money by getting the CD-ROM version, which contains the same tests.The second best source of practice tests is The Official iBT Tests Collection Volume 1. Same as above, but these are even older.TST PrepIf you are looking for a third-party source of practice tests, check out TST Preps collection of 10 practice tests. This is the only third-party I ever recommend to students when it comes to practice tests. You mig ht get a 10% discount if you use the coupon code goodine10off.Books For The TOEFL Writing SectionTOEFL ResourcesThere is not a single good book about the writing section. Instead of using a book I recommend just reading my free resources.TST PrepI also recommend the writing course offered by TST Prep. It uses a series of video lectures to go into more detail than my own stuff provides. Again, save money by using the coupon code goodine10off.Books for the TOEFL Reading SectionHouse of TOEFLFor the reading section, I recommend Kathy Spratts Mastering the Reading Section for the TOEFL iBT. The second edition of this ebook was published in 2019. It will walk you through how to solve each possible question type and explain the traps that ETS commonly uses when designed incorrect answers. It contains plenty of original practice readings and questions. Make sure you dont get the first edition, which still shows up via some Amazon searches.Books for Grammar PracticeEnglish Grammar in UseFor grammar practice, I always recommend Raymond Murphys English Grammar in Use. It contains clear explanations of grammar points and plenty of practice exercises. If you are working with a teacher, they should be able to quickly tell you what chapters you, specifically, need to focus on. It was updated to a 5th edition in late 2018, but you can save money by getting the 4th edition, which is just as good.When students need more practice exercises, I usually recommend the supplementary activities textbook that accompanies the main volume (again, the old edition is cheaper).Practical English UsageIf you are a new TOEFL teacher, I strongly recommend picking up a copy of Michael Swans Practical English Usage. This weighty volume will help you answer all of those difficult questions about why you corrected your students work in such a way. It really help you get out of the habit of saying it just sounds more natural in response to student questions. If you are a student dont get this book for TOEFL prep. It might just be overkill.Books for TOEFL Vocabulary1800 TOEFL Essential VocabularyHonestly, I generally dont recommend vocabulary books. Basically, I feel that in the short and medium term learning words might be a waste of your time. You might spend hours and hours studying a book of words, but only encounter one or two of them on the test. Vocabulary acquisition takes a really long time, and you pretty much have to depend on what you already know when you take the test. That said, if you want a bunch of words, I recommend Darakwons 1800 TOEFL Essential Vocabulary. And hey the ebook version only costs two dollars, so it cant hurt to try.TOEFL Pocket VocabularyKaplan seems to publish a new bite-sized vocabulary book every few years. The current version appears to be TOEFL Pocket Vocabulary. I havent seen this edition, but it is probably just as good as the older ones. It has more words, at least.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Fascinating Tufted Titmouse Facts

The tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) is a small, gray-plumed songbird, easily recognized for the crest of gray feathers atop its head, its big black eyes, black forehead, and its rust-colored flanks. They are quite common throughout the eastern part of North America, so if youre in that geographical region and want to catch a glimpse of a tufted titmouse, it may not be that difficult to find. Fast Facts: Tufted Titmouse Scientific Name: Baeolophus bicolorCommon Names: Tufted titmouseBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: 5.9–6.7 inchesWeight: 0.6–0.9 ounce  Lifespan: 2.1–13 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Southeastern, eastern, and midwestern United States, southern Ontario (Canada)Population: Hundreds of thousands or millionsConservation Status:  Least Concern Description Male and female titmice have similar plumage, which makes identification a little bit easier, and titmice can be tempted to backyard bird feeders, so you may not have to go far at all to see one. Tufted titmice exhibit some distinct physical characteristics that make them easy to identify; these traits are easily spotted under most conditions and are not shared by too many other species within their range. The key physical characteristics to watch for when trying to identify a tufted titmouse include: Gray crestBlack forehead and billLarge, black eyesRusty-orange flanks The characteristics listed above are most useful in confirming that the bird youre looking at is a tufted titmouse. But you can also look for other field marks characteristic of the species, which include: Overall gray color, with darker gray upperparts and lighter gray on breast and bellyLight gray legs and feetMedium-length, gray tail (about one third its entire length, head to tail) Habitat and Distribution Populations of tufted titmice stretch from the East Coast of the United States westward to the Plains of central Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas, and Iowa. The highest population densities of tufted titmice occur along the Ohio, Cumberland, Arkansas, and Mississippi rivers. Within their range, there are certain habitats that tufted titmice prefer—they are most common in deciduous and mixed-deciduous forests, especially those with a dense canopy or tall vegetation. Tufted titmice also occur to a lesser extent in suburban areas, orchards, and wetlands and can be spotted at backyard bird feeders on occasion, during the fall and winter months. Diet and Behavior Tufted titmice feed on insects and seeds. They forage on trees and can be seen on trunks and limbs looking for insects in the crevices of the bark. They also forage on the ground. Throughout the year, their preferred foraging locations can change. In summer months they spend more time foraging in the canopy of a tall tree, while in winter they can be spotted on trunks and in shorter trees more often. When cracking open nuts and seeds, tufted titmice hold the seed in their feet and hammer them with their bill. tufted titmice feed on a variety of invertebrates including caterpillars, beetles, ants, wasps, bees, treehoppers, spiders and snails. When feeding at backyard bird feeders, tufted titmice have a fondness for sunflower seeds, nuts, suet, and mealworms. Tufted titmice move along branches and over the ground by jumping and hopping. When flying, their flight path is direct and not undulating. The song of the tufted titmouse is usually a clear, two-syllable whistle: peter peter peter peter. Their call is nasal and consists of a series of sharp notes: ti ti ti sii sii zhree zhree zhree. Reproduction and Offspring Tufted titmice breed between March and May. The female generally lays between five and eight brown-speckled eggs in nests that are 3 to 90 feet high. They line their nests with soft materials such as wool, moss, cotton, leaves, bark, fur, or grass. The female incubates the eggs for 13 to 17 days. Tufted titmice typically have one or two broods each season. The young of the first brood usually help care for the nestlings of the second brood. Most of the hatchlings die shortly after birth, but if they survive, they can live for more than two years. The oldest tufted titmouse on record lived to be 13 years old. The tufted titmouse is fully mature and ready for reproduction by age 1. vandervelden  / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the tufted titmouses conservation status as least concern.  Researchers place the number of tufted titmice in the hundreds of thousands or millions. Their numbers have increased slightly in the past few decades, about 1 percent, and they have moved northward, from the southeastern U.S. to the New England region and Ontario, Canada. Since they are among the larger species of birds, competition is not thought to be a factor, but they may be moving northward to areas where there are more dense populations of trees due to climate change. Sources Tufted Titmouse.†Ã‚  Animal Spot.â€Å"Tufted Titmouse.†Ã‚  Tufted Titmouse - Introduction | Birds of North America Online.Watt DJ. 1972. Comparison of the foraging behaviors of the Carolina Chickadee and Tufted Titmouse in northwestern Arkansas. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. Arkansas, Fayetteville.

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Global Political Economy International Business School

Country Economic Analysis Canada Research Paper Submitted to: Professor Mohtadi In partial fulfillment of the MBA course Global Political Economy Hult International Business School Submitted by: Sourav Adhikari - Francesco Campione - Itzeen Pla - Shalini Raina - Juan Diego Rojas - Jesus Verde August 4, 2015 Boston, Massachusetts Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Macroeconomic trends. 4 Canada’s exchange rate and trade policies 4 Exchange Rate 5 Trade Policies 6 Canada’s monetary and fiscal policies 8 Monetary Policy 8 Fiscal Policy 8 Canada’s strengths. 9 Canada’s Weaknesses 11 Canada’s opportunities for growth. 11 Canada’s Threats 12 Exhibits 14 Executive Summary For the last 10 years, the Canada’s real GDP is increasing. This is not the only sign of a growing economy; the unemployment rate is decreasing as well. Foreign trade heavily sustains the Canadian economy; it accounts for 45% of the GDP. Canada is an open trade country, and thus its currency – the Canadian dollar – is a floating currency. After 1998, Canada also changed its intervention policy deciding for a discretionary intervention in only exceptional circumstances. The objective of Central Bank of Canada is to preserve the value of the currency by keeping down and stable the inflation rate. Canada has multiple strengths. Its main strengths lie in natural resources, diversified economy, high quality public education and political stability. Canada has also the most highly educatedShow MoreRelatedI Am The Owner Of My Company1061 Words   |  5 PagesI am the owner of my company - Hjerta Advisors, a corporate strategist firm specialized in government relations and financial services by providing back channel services to business leaders and government officials on current China economic affairs. If you are curious, Hjerta means heart in Swedish. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Literature Review on African American Substance Abuse

Literature Review Literature Review Literature presented in this review reflects research conducted during the past five years, 2007 - 2011, and addresses the phenomena of adolescent substance abuse in the African American demographic. Additionally, this literature review will address documented causes of adolescent substance abuse as presented by psychologists, psychiatrists, educators, government officials, urban-policy researchers, addiction counselors and human service professionals. Opposing views will be presented by various experts on the subject of substance abuse among the African American adolescent population. This review will further address current theories, studies and perceptions of the magnitude of the impact of substance†¦show more content†¦The notion that drug dependence could be considered a â€Å"self-acquired disease†, based on individual free choice leading to the first experimentation with illicit drugs, has contributed to stigma and discrimination associated with drug dependence. However, scientific evidence indicates that the development of the disease is a result of a complex multi-factorial interaction between repeated exposure to drugs, and biological and environmental factors. Attempts to treat and prevent drug use through tough penal sanctions for drug users fail because they do not take into account the neurological changes drug dependence has on motivation pathways in the brain (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2008). As managed care set down private roots, federal and state policy makers took aim at the limited penetration of a stratagem that had been conceived in hopes of slowing the growth of costs in Medicare (and Medicaid). Until the late 1980s, states largely deferred to critics who warned that disadvantaged populations suffering from poverty, social dislocation, limited literacy, and multiple health problems (sometimes including mental illness and substance abuse) should not be â€Å"locked into† HMOs that lacked experience treating these complex case loads, abridged their freedom of choice, and might prosper financially by underserving them (Brown amp; Jacobs, 2008, p. 63). 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